Which of the following describes powers that are shared by both state and federal governments?

The correct choice describes powers that are shared by both state and federal governments as concurrent powers. This term specifically refers to authorities and responsibilities that both levels of government can exercise simultaneously within their respective jurisdictions. Examples include the power to tax, build roads, and create lower courts. These powers are a cornerstone of federalism in the United States, allowing for cooperation between state and federal authorities while maintaining separate spheres of influence.

In contrast, elastic powers refer to the ability of Congress to stretch its authority through the Necessary and Proper Clause, allowing it to enact laws not explicitly outlined in the Constitution. Enumerated powers are specific powers granted to Congress in the Constitution, such as the ability to regulate commerce or declare war, and do not pertain to shared authority. Implied powers are those not explicitly stated but inferred from the Constitution, leading to further distinctions in the scope of federal power. By understanding concurrent powers, one can see how both national and state governments interact and share responsibilities in governance.