Which of the following are semi-formal groups within Congress organized around particular identity or interest?

Caucuses are indeed semi-formal groups within Congress that are organized around particular identities or interests. These groups bring together members who share common goals or perspectives, allowing them to collaborate on legislation and advocate for issues relevant to their collective identity. For example, there are caucuses based on ethnicity, gender, ideology, or specific policy interests, each promoting the interests of its members and facilitating discussion on pertinent subjects.

In contrast to caucuses, interest groups are external entities that seek to influence lawmakers but do not have a formal organizational structure within Congress itself. Committees are formal bodies established by Congress to handle specific areas of legislation and oversight but are not focused on identity or interest in the same way as caucuses. Political parties, while critical in the legislative process, serve a broader purpose in organizing electoral support and establishing party platforms, rather than forming around more specific focused interests or identities.