Judicial review was established in which of the following cases?

Judicial review was established in Marbury v. Madison, which is a foundational case in U.S. constitutional law. This 1803 Supreme Court decision, delivered by Chief Justice John Marshall, asserted the power of the judiciary to review acts of Congress and determine their constitutionality. The case arose when William Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus to compel Secretary of State James Madison to deliver his commission as a justice of the peace. In deciding the case, the Court concluded that while Marbury was entitled to his commission, the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that allowed him to bring his claim directly to the Supreme Court was unconstitutional.

This ruling effectively established the principle of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to invalidate laws that conflict with the Constitution. This principle has become a fundamental aspect of the checks and balances within the U.S. government, allowing the judiciary to limit the powers of the other branches and protect individual rights by ensuring that laws conform to constitutional standards.